Il Trovatore: Character Map
Il Trovatore: Roles
Manrico | a troubadour | tenor |
Leonora | noble lady | soprano |
Conte di Luna | a nobleman in the service of the Prince of Aragon | baritone |
Azucena | a gypsy | mezzo-soprano |
Ferrando | Luna’s officer | bass |
Ruiz | Manrico’s henchman | tenor |
Ines | Leonora’s confidante | soprano |
- Native title: Il trovatore
- Composers: Giuseppe Verdi
- Librettist: Salvadore Cammarano, Leone Emanuele Badare
- Based on: Antonio García Gutiérrez’s play El trovador
- Language: Italian
- Premiere: January 19, 1853, Teatro Apollo, Rome
- Running time: 2 hours 20 minutes (Act 1: 30 minutes, Act 2: 40 minutes, Act 3: 30 minutes, Act 4: 40 minutes)
Il Trovatore: Summary
Count Luna has a kidnapped brother. He is still looking for his brother.
Count Luna is fond of Leonora, but she is already in love with Manrico. Manrico and Count Luna become enemies. Leonora dies and Manrico is put to death by Count Luna.
Manrico’s mother, Azucena, informs him that Manrico is Count Luna’s brother. Count Luna is shocked.
Il Trovatore: Historical context
Il Trovatore is a fictional story, but it has a real place and historical background.
Aljafería
The Aljafería Palace is a medieval palace built during Islamic rule in the 11th century. It was renovated during the Aragonese Kingdom. It is now registered as a World Heritage Site.
Compromise of Caspe
In the opera, Count Luna and Manrico are politically at odds with each other even before they meet. Leonora says that a civil war has broken out. In fact, in 1410 Martin I died without a successor, and there was a brief civil war.
Count Luna took the side of the Prince of Castile, and Manrico took the side of Count Urgell.
How dare you come to the palace when Count Urgell’s supporters have been sentenced to death!
After a civil war, the Compromise of Caspe brought the Prince of Castile to the throne and he ruled the country as Fernando I.
Il Trovatore: Act1, Synopsis
Scene1
The guard room in the castle of Luna: The Aljafería Palace
At night, Count Luna’s vassals, attendants, and guards are on guard duty without sleep.
Ferrando
Keep a close eye on it. Count Luna is currently in the vicinity of Leonore’s room. We have to ensure his safety.
It’s no wonder Count Luna is wary. The Troubadour sings in her garden every night.
Attendants
Oh, I’m sleepy. To chase away the sleepiness, tell me about the Count’s brother.
Guards
We want to hear about it too.
The attendants and guards surrounded Ferrando to hear what he had to say.
Ferrando
You can all listen.
The previous Earl had two children. Count Luna and her brother who is still missing.
A long time ago, as the infant brother was falling asleep, someone crept upon him. The nanny, who was sleeping nearby, woke up and looked to see who was there.
Di due figli vivea padre beato
Guards
Who was it?
Ferrando
It was an elderly lady. The elderly lady said that she had snuck into the room to tell the fortune of the infant. The nanny screamed, and the elderly lady left.
From that day on, the younger brother began to run a fever and cry through the night. The elderly lady had put a curse on him.
The elderly lady was soon captured and burned at the stake. However, the elderly lady had one daughter. The remaining daughter plotted revenge against the Count’s family.
For some reason, the bones of a baby were found in the ashes of the elderly lady at the stake. The Count panics and looks for his son, but cannot find him. At the same time, the elderly lady’s daughter also disappeared.
The previous Count had believed that his son was alive and well. He asked Count Luna to look for his brother, and he died.
Oh, I was there and I know the face of the woman. I want to catch that gypsy woman myself!
Abbietta zingara, fosca vegliarda!
Attendants and Guards
Diabolical witch. Go to hell.
The sound of bells announcing midnight. They shudder and walk away.
Scene2
Garden in the palace of the princess
It is a dim, moonless night. Leonora’s room can be seen from the garden.
Ines
You’re here? The queen wants to see you.
I can’t believe you wait for him night after night. You are in dangerous love. When did this love begin?
A long time ago, in a jousting match, an unknown knight won a victory. I placed a crown of flowers on the knight to give him glory. Civil war broke out, and many years passed.
One peaceful night, a minstrel’s voice echoed in the garden. It was a Troubadour voice calling my name. I looked from the balcony and saw it was that knight. I felt like I was in heaven.
Tacea la notte placida
Ines
Your story makes me uneasy. I have an ominous feeling. Please listen to the words from friendship.
I don’t know what you’re talking about.
This love cannot be expressed in words. My destiny is with him. If I do not live with him, I will die for him.
Di tale amor che dirsi
Leonora and Ines leave.
Below Leonora’s room, Count Luna is alone.
It’s a quiet night. The queen is probably asleep. Leonora, I can see the light in her room. She must be awake.
Please listen to my thoughts. Maybe tonight is my chance to tell Leonora how I feel. No, there’s a Troubadour here!
Tace la notte!
From the shadows of the bushes, Manrico’s voice echoes.
Manrico’s voice
I am alone in the world and have no luck in battle. The only hope is the maiden’s sincerity. That’s all this Troubadour has. If I can win your heart, I will be better than the king.
Deserto sulla terra
(A brazen one.)
Leonora heard Manrico’s voice and came down the stairs from her room. She hugged Count Luna.
My precious!
(I’ve been hugged. What should I do?)
Manrico’s voice
Unfaithful woman!
When Manrico showed up, Leonora realized her mistake.
Oh, that’s the voice. I made a mistake because of the darkness.
(To Manrico)
Please don’t misunderstand me. I love you. You are the only thing my heart desires and loves. Forever.
You love him that much.
Leonora and Manrico hugged each other and shared their joy.
Hey, you. If you’re not a coward, tell me your name.
I’m Manrico. You can call the guards and execute the sentence.
You have already been sentenced to death for your hostile actions during the civil war. You’ve been sentenced to death, and yet here you are. Your fate has been decided.
Please forgive us.
My heart burns with jealousy. “I love you.” How dare I say those words to that man! With that one word, the fate of that man was decided.
Di geloso amor sprezzato
Count. Please have mercy. Let your anger be directed at me. Pour out your wrath on the woman who insulted you.
You conceited man. Your sword will kill me. But Leonora’s love has made me invincible.
Manrico and Count Luna leave for a duel. Leonora faints.
Il Trovatore: Act2, Synopsis
Scene1
The gypsies’ camp
There is a crumbling house in the mountains at dawn. Gypsy people surround a bonfire. Manrico and her mother Azucena are sitting a little farther away.
Gypsies
It’s dawn. Let’s get to work. Grab your hammers. Who’s going to color the gypsy life? It’s the gypsy woman.
Vedi! Le fosche notturne spoglie(Anvil Chorus)
Suddenly, Azucena stands up and starts singing. The gypsies surround her.
Once, a fierce flame made a sound. People surrounded the flames and shouted with joy. As the crowd watched, a woman was burned at the stake as a sacrifice. The cursed flame rose high into the sky.
Stride la vampa
Gypsies
Your song is poignant.
It’s a song based on a true story, so it’s poignant.
(In a low voice to Manrico) Take the enemy, take the enemy.
(My mother says this strange phrase all the time.)
At the call of the gypsy elders, the gypsies descended to the village below. Manrico and Azucena stayed behind.
It’s time for you to tell me the true story behind that song.
It’s about your grandmother. It’s the story of my mother, who was burned at the stake because the Count resented her.
The terrified woman was caught by the officials. I was carrying a baby at the time, and I desperately chased after my mother. On the way to the place of execution, my mother said to me, “Take the enemy” she said.
I immediately kidnapped the Count’s baby. When I returned to the execution site, I heard my mother’s voice shouting from the flames, Take the enemy. In my excitement and delirium, I managed to throw the baby into the flames.
As the flames burned, I suddenly became calm and saw the baby of the hated Count in front of me.
Condotta ell’era in ceppi
What?
I have put my child into the flames!
How cruel. But whose child am I?
You’re my son. When I remember what happened, I get confused and say strange things.
I’m a kind mother who nurses you when you’re hurt. The other day, when you were wounded in the duel with Count Luna, I rushed to save your life, didn’t I?
That’s right. You saved my life.
Why didn’t you finish him off during the duel with Count Luna?
I can’t explain it myself.
There was a moment when I could have taken Count Luna’s life. But then I heard the voice of heaven. Do not do this.
Count Luna’s men immediately attacked me, and I was badly injured.
Mal reggendo all’aspro assalto
But the voice of heaven did not reach the ungrateful Count Luna, and you were wounded. If fate gives you the destiny to fight again, you must kill him.
Ma nell’alma dell’ingrato
Yes, I promise. I’ll kill Count Luna.
Take the enemy.
A messenger came to Manrico with a letter. He reads the letter.
Leonora received an erroneous report that you were dead. She has decided to enter a convent.
What? ! I’m going to lose her. I have to go to the convent.
Don’t go. Your wounds have not healed.
Perigliarti ancor languente
Let me go. If I lose Leonora, I’m dead.
Azucena stops him, but Manrico hurries away.
Scene2
In front of the convent
At night, Count Luna, his vassals, and his attendants are walking quickly through the courtyard of the convent.
The ritual has not yet begun. I’m just in time. I must stop Leonora at all costs before she goes the way of the god.
Ferrando
It is too bold an act.
Bold. That’s right. For me, she evokes a burning love affair and fierce self-esteem. I will not allow Leonora to become someone else’s. She is mine.
Her smile is more beautiful than the brightness of the stars. Oh! Love, my fiery love. Tell her how much I love her.
Il balen del suo sorriso
Ferrando
Please reconsider. It is too bold an action.
Shut up. You will do as I tell you. You take cover behind those trees.
The time of destiny has come. Joy awaits me. Not even god can take her away from me.
Per me, ora fatale
Count Luna remains in the courtyard. His retainers and attendants hide in the shade of the trees.
Nuns
O Daughter of Eve. All the events of this world will vanish before death. Abandon your thoughts and look up to heaven.
Ah!… se l’error t’ingombra
Leonore walks up with a group of nuns.
Ines
Are you going to be away from us forever?
Don’t cry, everyone. Now that I have lost Manrico, I should dedicate myself to God. Someday, I will be united with him in heaven.
Count Luna appears.
I won’t let you go. You’re going to the altar of marriage with me.
Count Luna tried to grab Leonore. Manrico appears between the two of them.
Can I trust you? Is this a dream, an illusion? My heart will not be able to bear so much joy. Have you returned from heaven, or am I in heaven?
E deggio… e posso crederlo?
Looks like hell has missed its prey. Abomination. If you want to live, stay away from me, stay away from her.
Heaven did not welcome me. Nor did it send me down the road to hell. God had saved me.
Manrico has many followers with swords in their hands.
Leonora. Come with me.
You must not go.
When Count Luna tries to draw his sword, it is taken from him by Manrico’s followers.
(That man is terrifying.)
Now, you must go with me.
Manrico takes Leonora away and leaves. The nuns take refuge in the convent.
I’ve lost my reason and my mind is filled with anger!
Ferrando
They’re armed. Please give up.
Count Luna tries to chase after them, but his retainers stop him.
Il Trovatore: Act3, Synopsis
Scene1
Di Luna’s camp
An encampment with a large tent. From there, you can see the castle where Manrico is. Many soldiers are polishing their armor and spending their time as they please.
Soldiers
Right now, we play with dice. But in a little while, we’ll be playing a completely different game.
Or co’ dadi ma fra poco
Ferrando
Soldiers. Tomorrow we will attack the castle of Castellar. Make your preparations. You’ll be rewarded handsomely.
Soldiers
Forward, marching bugle. Tomorrow our banner will be flying in the castle.
Squilli, echeggi la tromba
Count Luna came out of the tent and looked at the castle of Castellar with abhorrence.
The one I love is in the arms of my love interest. I must endure the pain for now. Tomorrow, I will separate us. Leonora!
In braccio al mio rival!
Ferrando
A gypsy woman was wandering around near the camp. The soldiers are catching her.
Azucena is brought in to Count Luna.
Help me. I haven’t done anything wrong.
Answer my questions. If you lie to me, I will show no mercy.
I am a gypsy. I live free. I’ve come down the mountain from Vizcaya to find my son.
(Vizcaya?)
Ferrando
(The name of the place! And that woman’s face!)
It’s a poor life. I’m happy because I have my only son. But my son left me, and I’m looking for him.
Giorni poveri vivea
Did you spend much time in Vizcaya? Do you remember? The Count’s son was kidnapped from the castle and taken to that place.
Who are you?
I’m the brother of the kid who was taken. Have you heard anything about him?
(Ah!)
Ferrando
(I knew it was her.)
Count Luna. This woman must have kidnapped your brother.
Your fate has been decided.
(To the soldiers) Tie her up tighter.
Manrico, why don’t you come and save me! To save my mother!
You’re Manrico’s mother! Destiny has returned to my hands.
Shame on you, loosen the rope. Wicked son of cruel parents. God is on the side of the poor.
Deh, rallentate, o barbari
Manrico is the son of a gypsy. If I hurt his mother, he will be hurt. I can avenge my brother!
On the Count’s orders, the soldiers take Azucena away. Count Luna returns to his tent.
Scene2
A chamber in the castle
Outside the hall, there is the sound of weapons and the presence of soldiers moving about in a hurry. The hall leads to a chapel.
The danger is growing. Tomorrow at dawn, this castle will be attacked. But we will be victorious. We have the strength and the courage.
Our marriage is illuminated by a dark light.
Please let go of your ominous premonitions.
My love. It is at times like these that a sublime love will speak to your heart. By making each other my companion, I will grow stronger. But if I should die, my thoughts will go to you.
Now let us go together to the altar.
Ah! sì, ben mio, coll’essere
Manrico and Leonora took hands and headed for the chapel.
Ruiz
Oh, my God. Come to the balcony. There’s a gypsy woman in shackles. They’ve already got the flames ready to burn her at the stake.
That’s my mother. Coward. Gather your men now. We’re advancing with the army immediately.
The flames of that executioner’s table will set my heart on fire and set it ablaze. My poor mother, I must hurry to save her at all costs.
Di quella pira
His men hurriedly assembled and headed for battle.
Il Trovatore: Act4, Synopsis
Scene1
Before the dungeon keep
In the middle of the night, near the tower where Manrico was captured. Leonora and Manrico’s men are acting inconspicuously.
Ruiz
Manrico is imprisoned in this tower. You may be able to hear the voices of those detained as political prisoners.
Please leave me. Don’t worry about me.
Manrico’s men walk away.
I have this ring as a talisman.
She looks at the ring thoughtfully.
Love should ride on rosy wings and comfort the poor prisoner’s heart. Let him revive the days of love.
D’amor sull’ali rosee
The voice of sorrow
Pity us. Pity those whose journey of no return is near.
Miserere
I hear a horrible prayer.
( Manrico’s voice from inside the tower )
Goodbye, Leonora. I hope you don’t forget me.
I can’t forget you.
There is nothing in this world as strong as my love. I will save you with my death. If I cannot, I will only die with you.
Tu vedrai che amore in terra
Count Luna and her retinue appear on the walls. Leonora hides in the darkness.
You heard the order. At daybreak, execute Manrico. His mother will be burned at the stake.
The followers went into the tower where Manrico was imprisoned.
The monarch has given me all the authority in this matter, but I would be abusing my authority. I can’t believe I’m going this far for Leonora. She’s a disaster for me.
I’ve been looking for Leonora since I captured Manrico, but I can’t find her. I wonder where she is.
Leonora steps out of the darkness.
I’m here.
Please look at my tears. Please save Manrico. You can kill me. Please kill me and trample on my corpse.
Mira, di acerbe lagrime
The more you love that guy, the more my anger will only flare-up.
As Count Luna turns to leave, Leonora hangs on.
I will give you my body. Let me see Manrico once. And let him go. Then I will be yours.
Is this my dream? If you swear to it, I will do so.
Count Luna goes to give orders to the guards near the tower. Leonora drinks the poison in the ring.
You’ll get my corpse.
He will be saved. Now I shall wait for the final hour, without fear.
Vivrà! contende il giubilo
Count Luna returns to Leonora.
That man will live.
Oh, I want you to tell me again and again that I’m yours. I still can’t believe it. Please help me clear my mind of doubt.
Count Luna and Leonora enter the tower.
Scene2
In the dungeon
Manrico and Azucena are in the dungeon.
Mom, aren’t you going to sleep?
I can’t sleep, so I’m praying. They’re taking me to the stake. Please protect your mother. I’m going to be burned at the stake!
They took your grandmother to the execution chamber that day. Horrible flames. My mother’s hair was on fire. Oh, who will save me from that horrible sight?
Please, sleep well.
You’re right. I’m tired.
(Asleep) Let’s go back to our mountain. Let’s have fun together.
Ai nostri monti… ritorneremo
Azucena falls asleep. Manrico is at her side. Leonora has come to see him.
God, is the twilight deceiving me?
Ciel! non m’inganna
It’s me. You will not die. I have come to save you. You will pass through that door and leave this place.
But what about you?
I’ll stay here. Please hurry. Your life is at stake!
My life is not important. Look at my eyes. What price did you pay to get them? All right. You got it from my love interest. You sold our love.
Please change your mind and run away. If you miss the time, not even God can save your life.
Go away. I hate you. I curse you!
She collapses, looking unwell. Manrico rushes to her.
My love, what’s wrong?
I will be dead soon. The poison worked faster than I thought it would.
Why would you do that?
I was willing to die for you rather than live as someone else’s.
Prima che d’altri vivere
Count Luna notices something strange and rushes to the scene.
You tricked me and chose to die for him?
Foolish me. Why did I curse you?
The time has come. I am going to die. I wanted to die for you rather than live with another man.
Leonora’s death.
Take this man to the execution block!
Mom, goodbye!
Manrico calls out to his sleeping mother and is taken away. Azucena wakes up.
Manrico. Where’s my son?
He’s going to die. You can see it from here.
Count Luna drags Azucena to the window.
Oh, no. You have to listen to me!
He died.
He was your brother! I have avenged an enemy. Mom.
Azucena faints.
What a horror! I am still alive.